Collective Action as a Path to Sustainable Development

Abstract

As cities become increasingly overpopulated and the planet's resources reach a critical point, significant issues arise concerning quality of life and social welfare. The concept of sustainable development emerges as a viable solution to these challenges. This research aimed to explore the concept of sustainable development through the lens of the local community. To this end, the paper examined Kallithea, a densely populated Athenian municipality with a rich history of societal composition, which has transitioned from a promising past to an uncertain future due to various economic, social, and environmental challenges. Our investigation revealed Kallithea's unique social characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses. It set the agenda for future research by concluding that the most valuable asset of Kallithea's local community is the element of collective action. This collective action, which seems innate to the local reality and has been formed through various historical and societal incidents, has managed to survive through years of ups and downs, potentially guiding Kallithea towards sustainable development.

To reference this paper: 

Giannakopoulou, M., 2024. Collective action as a path to sustainable development: The case of Kallithea, Greece. In Towards Circular: Analysis of the coastal areas of Greece, Italy and Spain. Edited by Skupchenko, J.K. Think Tank AlterContacts. Available at: https://www.altercontacts.org/publications/towards-circular-2024/gr-sd-2

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21251.92969

Introduction

The World Bank has forecasted that the urban population will grow by 2.5 billion over the next three decades (World Bank, 2024). Moreover, the planet’s natural resources have been severely depleted (Schurig & Turan, 2022). As a response to this alarming situation, a “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987), or as it is widely known, sustainable development, has been proposed as the way forward (United Nations General Assembly, 2015).

In the above context, this article intends to examine the concept of sustainable development through the lenses of the local community, with the aim of stimulating and informing the discussion on its importance in attaining sustainable development. 

For the purpose of this research, the local community is viewed as each place’s unique blend of features, which include its common history, social patterns, shared knowledge, and the local structures that people build based on their social bonds (Coleman, 1990). 

The above elements construe a place’s local reality and identity, which makes it unique, and they should be taken into serious consideration when development policies are designed. Essentially, it is the element or, to put it more accurately, this critical feature that differentiates this particular city from the others. In this respect, a city could be perceived as a “living organism,” carrying its particular set of attributes, which in turn evolve as the local circumstances transform (Schurig & Turan, 2022). These unique characteristics are formed by the different localities and different co-existing communities that create this exclusive amalgam. As Herber Gans (Gans, 1962) put it, in every urban reality, one can find “villages inside the city,” meaning different groups of people that share common cultural traits and common “socioeconomic stratification” (Tousi, 2022). After all, scholars have argued that urban living is more based on differentiative features rather than on a homogenous experience (ibid). 

This research will focus on the case of Kallithea, a municipality close to Greece’s capital city, Athens. More specifically, this paper will look into Kallithea’s history and the consequences that some historical events had on the community’s composition. Through examining Kallithea’s location, its current situation, the existing local social initiatives, and the “flagship project” that has operated there since 2016, we will enhance our understanding of Kallithea’s past and present unique social attributes, its current strengths and challenges as regards the local community and the possibilities for attaining sustainable development, through exploiting its community’s unique traits and dynamics.

Methods

This research will utilize the case study method, which is based on information collected through desktop research. More specifically, a thorough analysis of the existing literature on the matter was carried out with the aim of identifying the most relevant information on Kallithea’s history, present situation, and future possibilities. In terms of research material, relevant peer-reviewed articles, books, governmental documents, official data, and relevant websites were consulted and examined. Desktop research through local websites and social media pages assisted the researcher in locating local social initiatives as described in the respective section of this paper. The aim of this research is not to provide solutions but rather to provoke further research on the topic and even motivate local stakeholders to engage more with the local reality in order to lead the way toward sustainable development. 

Nevertheless, the research faced some obstacles as well, such as accessing relevant information on local social initiatives. The researcher was able to access the list of names of existing local associations on the Municipality of Kallithea’s dedicated webpage. No other information about them was found anywhere, including alternative avenues, such as social media pages. Moreover, through the Ministry of Labour’s official website, a list with the names of the existing social cooperative enterprises located in Kallithea was found. Yet, the above catalog provided only a very brief and generic description of the purpose of each respective organization, and no reference to their websites was made. Internet search was utilized in an attempt to collect more information about them but to no avail.

History

Each place’s history constitutes an essential component of its unique features and challenges. In our attempt to define the path toward sustainable development through the local community perspective, this part seeks to examine Kallithea’s early history to reveal the city’s specificities and unique identity.

Kallithea’s history dates back to 1884-1885, nearly 140 years ago. At the outset of its formation, Kallithea was a suburb of Athens, consisting mainly of country houses. Over the following decades, though, it became the epicenter of the Athenian bourgeoisie (Triantafillidis, 1972). Since the beginning of its existence, Kallithea has acted as a hub for thinkers. It was not a coincidence, as Kallithea founded significant educational institutions such as the Harokopio School, the Pantion University, and the Sivitanidios School. It became the “harbor” for famous Greek painters, namely G. Filaretos, G. Kremos, S. Laskaridou, K. Maleas, G. Griparis, G. Kordatos, It was also known for being the breeding ground for the famous Greek music genre called “Rebetiko”, and the renowned musical stage in Tzitzifies and Syngrou Avenue which boosted Rebetiko’s acknowledgement throughout the Greek society and created new cultural realities (Psalidopoulos, 2002). 

During the so-called “Catastrophe in Minor Asia”  in 1922, Kallithea received around 25.000 refugees from that region (Municipality of Kallithea, 2021). Due to the massive refugee influx in 1922, Kallithea's population rapidly increased, and it was pronounced a municipality in 1925 (Official website of the Municipality of Kallithea, 2024). 

Kallithea was already considered a Metropolitan city throughout the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1970s, the city witnessed a major construction development, which resulted in today’s significant shortage of green spaces. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, Kallithea experienced a second refugee wave, this time from the Greeks residing around the Black Sea region (Municipality of Kallithea, 2021). 

Kallithea faced various challenges from its beginning. In the next section, we will examine the effects that these historical events had on the local community.

Historical Consequences

The historical events triggered new changes in Kallithea’s local community, as they notably altered its societal composition. Yet, the first obstacle for the newcomers was to integrate into the local society. One of the most effective ways to get involved in the local community is to participate in the financial activity of the place. Thus, shortly after arrival, the newcomers, who were craft or medium-sized owners or even traders, utilized their craftsmanship and trading skills to establish micro-craft enterprises and small shopping centers (Armirou & Koukiou, 2003). 

As the 1980s approached, these newcomers were perfectly integrated into the local community. However, the local reality of Kallithea, compared to before the 1920s, has changed as the population mainly consisted of direct descendants of the first refugees who arrived in Kallithea after the Minor Asia Catastrophe. 

These people built a unique bond amongst them as they shared the common transgenerational trauma of social exclusion and violent expatriation (Tousi, 2022). Renne Hirschon, in the book “Heirs of the Greek Catastrophe: The Social Life of Asia Minor Refugees in Piraeus”, noted that this neighborhood sense in the refugee communities played a key role in social life. Most of the time, the public spaces between the refugee settlements served as communication hubs that brought people together and helped them build strong relationships (Hirschon, 2004). 

Therefore, Kallithea's strong asset and interesting feature is the high quality of social networks. It was built upon a controversial history that involved violent displacement, poverty, psychological trauma, solidarity, and a spirit for innovation and advancement. After all, ethnographic research has shown that the quality of social grids in disadvantaged areas was notably high, irrespective of the fact that they may seem insignificant to an external viewer (Stevenson, 2003). 

The above distinct characteristic could become the foundation for Kallithea's regeneration. It is not a matter of restoring the past social bonds but rather building on the place’s social dynamic with the aim of creating new relationships among the members of the local community, relationships that can positively affect the local economy and local entrepreneurship, stimulate new business ventures that focus on enhancing local production, and strengthen not only the local economy but also social cohesion.  

Location

As various scholars have noted, the shared physical environment plays an important role in fostering local interaction (Kraut, Fish, Root, & Chalfonte, 1990). It can encourage or discourage social communication and social activities. This section examines Kallithea’s location to understand the local reality of space and how the latter affects the local community’s dynamics.

In terms of Kallithea’s position on the map, it could be characterized as distinct, as it not only connects Greece’s capital, Athens, with its main port, Piraeus, but also connects Athens with the coastal front. Moreover, Kallithea, as one of the first suburbs of Athens, displays a rather dense block subdivision (Ferrante, Fotopoulou, & Mazzoli, 2020). It is quite apparent, even for a random visitor, that Kallithea has experienced intense construction of buildings in the past, as attested before, mainly in an effort to accommodate its high number of inhabitants, sacrificing at the same time valuable public spaces. Scholars have stressed the fact that while designing urban plans, taking into consideration environmental factors plays an important role in the local population’s quality of life. In the case of Kallithea, the aforementioned element is missing, thus, the construction of public green spaces, pedestrian roads, along with the enhancement of Kallithea’s distinct cultural area could make the difference for the local community’s prosperity (Aravantinos, 1997).  

Officially, Kallithea has had an urban plan since 1989, which the local authorities amended in 2005. The plan aimed to alleviate the local population from pollution and noise by defining land use zones (Fileleftheri Emfasi publication of the Democracy Institute of Kon. Karamanlis, 2012). However, the image of today’s Kallithea does not reflect the authorities’ “good intentions” of sensible and community-friendly urban planning.

Another factor that should be noted here is that after the Asia Minor Catastrophe and the massive influx of refugees, the so-called “Tzitzifies” area became the place that accommodated the vast majority of the displaced people. This Kallithea’s waterfront part witnessed the formation of numerous refugee residency blocks, which occupied both Kallithea’s rural as well as urban areas (Official website of the Municipality of Kallithea, 2024). Presently, though, these old settlements with distinguished historical value are left to decay while the local authorities have since 1989’s urban plan praised for a revitalization project for these refugee settlements. 

All the above elements create a rather dense local setting, which enjoys a distinct spot on the map, being located next to both Athens and the sea. However, it faces severe environmental challenges due to the aforementioned compact urban landscape and the existence of sizable, poorly preserved neighborhoods that once served as the epicenter of communal activity. In this context of local reality, we will continue in the next section by examining the ways in which this affects the local community and what kind of challenges it poses. 

Current situation

As attested before, in order to examine one community’s “DNA”, meaning its innate characteristics, we need to look into its unique traits. When we speak about characteristics, what one should explore is the assets and hindrances of the place in question (Schurig & Turan, 2022). 

We have stressed in the previous section the fact that Kallithea has acquired some distinguished attributes, such as its geographical position, being located close to the capital of Greece, Athens, and the Piraeus port. It also operates an electric railway, and two major universities, Harokopio and Pantion, are located in Kallithea (Municipality of Kallithea, 2021). However, it is currently not in a position to fully utilize these advantages as it struggles with overpopulation along with the lack of free accessible public spaces (ibid). More specifically, Kallithea suffers from the lack of an uninterrupted pedestrian street network due to illegal car parking on pedestrian roads. Combined with the absence of off-road parking spaces, it adds to Kallithea’s performance as regards providing its citizens with safe pedestrian crossings, and the adequate infrastructure for people with disabilities is below average (Mitropoulos, Karolemeas, Tsigdinos, Vassi, & Bakogiannis, 2023). 

In demographic terms, the situation is again challenging. According to official data from the Hellenic Statistical Authority, Kallithea has 100.641 inhabitants. Of these, 11.930 are foreigners, which accounts for 11.85% of the total population (Archive of Hellenic Statistical Authority, 2024). Kallithea is actually classed as the Athenian suburb with the highest residential density, with 21.000 inhabitants per sqkm (Municipality of Kallithea). 

According to local-level research based on qualitative methods (interviews), Kallithea’s residents note that the public transport infrastructure and the existence of a well-developed local market comprise one of Kallithea’s “selling points.” On the other hand, the city cannot ensure its citizens’ safety, lacks employment opportunities, and has scarce affordable accommodation (Mitoula et al., 2012). 

The above problematic situation is also reflected in the governmental documents. According to the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analysis performed by Kallithea Municipality, the city faces significant environmental challenges that create a rather strenuous urban environment:

• Lack of green spaces and sports infrastructure;

• Air pollution due to increased greenhouse gas emissions; 

• Poor waste management; 

• Noise (Municipality of Kallithea, 2021). 

Based on these findings, the local authorities have prioritized, in their current strategic planning activities, enhancing the green spaces and maintaining the ones that are presently poorly preserved, along with implementing a joint waste management strategy together with the neighboring municipalities. Moreover, the strategy addresses the issue of the lack of pedestrian roads along with the reduced city accessibility for people with disabilities. 

Yet what matters most is for the local authorities to implement these strategic priorities in order to achieve sustainable urban development by designing and implementing policies that effectively improve the quality of life and prosperity of its citizens (Bieri, 2013). Should the community feel that it is taken care of and that there is a safe environment in which people can not only survive but thrive, then the community itself will maximize its potential in developmental terms by enhancing its productivity and taking action. 

Kallithea’s local community is presently experiencing stress, social anxiety, and uncertainty due to multiple factors that prevent it from capitalizing on its positive characteristics. In the next chapter, we will explore the above-mentioned challenge in conjunction with the “flagship project” that has operated in Kallithea since 2016.

“Flagship project”

Quite recently, Kallithea has witnessed the construction of a prestigious project, or as some scholars put it, Kallithea’s “flagship project" - Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center (Tousi, 2022). According to its founding act, it aims to improve people’s lives by providing them with free access to educational, cultural, and athletic activities while seeking to enhance Kallithea’s attractiveness. Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center (SNFCC) has been built over the old, abandoned hippodrome (ibid); it occupies an area of 170,000 square meters and comprises the National Library of Greece, the National Opera, a green park with educational, cultural and recreational activities, a Municipal Park and athletic facilities (Official Journal of the Hellenic Republic, 2009). According to some scholars, SNFCC is regarded as a “catalyst project” for triggering the re-development and redefinition of the area while restoring Athens’ relationship with the sea (Spanogianni & Theodora, 2020). 

According to SNFCC’s Impact Study Report, the aim of this project is to strengthen the tie between society, education, and innovation. More specifically, SNFCC seeks to enhance people’s creativity in order to create a multi-faceted labor force by delivering capacity-building activities to people of various age groups with the aim of equipping them with a variety of skills while stimulating their potential. SNFCC claims that it plays an important role in “increasing Greece’s cultural index” by enhancing people’s participation and interest in cultural activities (SNFCC, 2020). 

Scholars have noted that SNFCC has the potential to build on Kallithea’s key attributes while developing new elements by utilizing abandoned, unused areas, some of which remained from the 2004 Olympic Games (Ferrante, Fotopoulou, & Mazzoli, 2016). 

On a more critical point, scholars raise an issue of the project’s socio-spatial cohesiveness with the local reality. It is constructed right next to the old, deteriorating refugee settlements called “Tzitzifies,” as mentioned above, creating an even greater contrast with these aging but significant historic value houses (Tousi, 2022). The latter point is quite vital, as these settlements represent Kallithea’s historical features of the past that are not long gone but still exist as an active part of the present community. In the next section, we will have an opportunity to elaborate more on the above issue, as in Kallithea, we could locate a number of associations created by people who were either refugees who traveled to Greece during the 1920s or their direct descendants.

As attested previously, it would be vital not only from an aesthetic point of view but also in terms of enhancing societal ties for the local authorities to prioritize the refugee establishment’s renovation, as they play a paramount role in Kallithea’s history. It is always promising when large projects are constructed in a city, as they tend to have positive and negative spillovers. The local authorities should pay extra attention to realistically engaging the local community with these developments in order to encourage social cohesion, thus attaining social welfare, which is the overall intention.

The Municipality of Kallithea, however, has built its strategic plan around SNFCC, highlighting its importance for the local reality by stressing the fact that SNFCC, along with the projected regeneration of the coastal line, has reshaped Kallithea’s physiognomy (Municipality of Kallithea, 2021). Yet, the local authorities acknowledge that in order for the SNFCC project to have spillovers in the local communities, additional steps should be taken in terms of enhancing the local economy and building the skills of the local workforce (ibid). It should be noted that one of the Municipality’s current priorities is to conduct a social mapping to identify local associations with social orientation to enhance the collaboration between local clusters. It acknowledges that in order to attain sustainable development, it is crucial to support local enterprises in innovating and networking, encouraging local participation in cultural and sports activities, and activating civil society (ibid). 

As mentioned above, it should not be forgotten that SNFCC is a private project with an impressive façade, which presently appears contradictory to Kallithea’s local reality. Despite the fact that SNFCC has many features that Kallithea lacks, such as ample green spaces, sports facilities, and safe pedestrian networks, it does not represent the local community’s actual situation. It could create a false image and increase the disparities between the local community and the Centre itself. Thus, the authorities need to focus their attention on the needs of the local community and the issues that are currently pressing.

Local Social Initiatives

This research would not be complete if we had not explored Kallithea’s local initiatives, as they could have provided us with valuable information about the local community’s current traits. These features can be noticed by examining the existing organizations’ scope, the social ties and norms that seem to emerge from the above settings, and the dynamic and potential that they could have in terms of attaining sustainable development (Roseland, 2000).

During the pre-war period, Kallithea comprised a wealth of crafts and industries. The displaced people who moved to Kallithea during the 1920s played a leading role in its development as they built its working class and fundamentally changed its social composition. From the mid-20s, several industrial units operated in Kallithea, such as Elviela, Peiraiki Patraiki, and Athinaiki Eriourgia, which were textile and spinning industries. As regards market centers, Kallithea held the title of the second city in Attica, after Athens, in terms of commercial traffic (Esperos, 2024).

The research of the Municipality of Kallithea’s news page revealed the existence of “The Centre for the Support of Entrepreneurship''. It is an initiative designed jointly by the municipalities of Kallithea, Alimos, and Palaio Faliro, and aims, according to its founding act, to serve as a local mechanism that will support local entrepreneurs by enhancing their skills and highlighting their comparative advantages. Navigating through the Centre’s website, it is easy to locate the basic services offered to local enterprises, namely the provision of information on the technical aspects that concern every entrepreneur, such as the compilation of a business plan, access to valuable statistical data and relevant reports on every sector of entrepreneurship, guidelines on market strategies, comprehensive overview of the existing regulatory framework as well as networking opportunities. The interested company can also apply for specialized advisory support (Center for the Support of Entrepreneurship, 2024). This initiative is promising, yet it lacks visibility. It was only possible to locate it in two press releases and through an in-person campaign that the Municipality has organized by visiting Kallithea’s open farmer's markets (the so-called laiki agora) and informing traders and the public of the initiative.

Consulting the Municipality of Kallithea’s official website, we could locate a section under the name “Local bodies and Associations” that listed the existing local unions. From a thorough overview of this list comprising 45 organizations in total (Municipality of Kallithea 2, 2024), it is worth commenting on the following points: 

a) A significant number of them were founded by Greek refugees who traveled to Greece after the so-called Minor Asia Catastrophe and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. By the name of them (Association of Panhellenic Brotherhood of Cappadocians of Karditsa or Pontian Artistic Organization of Athens), we can assume that these associations pursue mainly cultural purposes, with the aim to maintain these communities’ tradition alive; 

b) we can also assume that some of them (Blood Donors Association "Social Solidarity" or Health-Peace-Love Association For Women, Children & Men) aim at alleviating the devastating effects that the 2008 economic crisis had in the Greek community as a whole facing a long and painful period of austerity owing to shrinking monetary resources, high unemployment rates and the subsequent negative effects on social cohesion, with rising economic disparities (Vradis, 2014); 

c) As regards organizations that support local entrepreneurship, we were only able to locate a single association called “Association of Professional Craftsmen and Merchants of Kallithea” on that list, with no further information provided. Moreover, it appears that for the majority of the existing unions, no official website is available, and most of the time, not even an email address; thus, it seems that their online activity and presence are limited. 

From navigating through the same local authorities’ website, under the “social policy” tab (Municipality of Kallithea 3, 2024), we were able to locate one recently established platform that provides interested citizens with information on the programs implemented by the Municipality of Kallithea’s Directorate of Social Policy and its departments of Health and Social Protection, Welfare, Community Center and the Center for Integration of Immigrants and Help at Home. More specifically, citizens can enter the platform in order to search for information as well as the necessary supporting documents for the social benefits provided by the municipality concerning persons with disabilities, single-parent families, elderly people, children, economically weak citizens, uninsured citizens, individuals and families affected by natural disasters. It appears that there is provision of support to the vulnerable communities coming from the local authorities. Yet, again, this could have been better promoted and disseminated throughout Kallithea’s community members, as one more time it was difficult to locate the above platform, which seems to provide people in need with valuable information on how to access help. 

Last but not least, the Ministry of Labour and Social Security keeps the General Register of Social and Solidarity Economy Bodies (Ministry of Labour and Social Security, 2024), the organizations that in Greece are called “Social and Cooperative Enterprises” and which generally pursue collective and social benefit. In the case of Kallithea, we could locate 32 enterprises of that kind, mainly pursuing cultural, athletic, or housing assistance purposes, but still, there is little information available for them and, one more time, little to no digital presence. 

Unfortunately, the common trait of all the above-mentioned elements is the lack of visibility of these kinds of local initiatives, whether they come from the competent local authorities or the local community. While SNFCC gets the “lion’s share” of visibility both nationally and internationally. It is worth noting that SNFCC has organized twice the so-called “Open Agora” event. The goal was to create a public space where Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and activist organizations could meet, exchange ideas, and network (SNFCC 2, 2024) & (SNFCC 3, 2024). By reviewing all the registered NGOs in both events, we were not able to locate a single one operating in Kallithea or representing its local community. The majority of the registered NGOs were prestigious, either national or international organizations.

On a positive note, though, we can assume that Kallithea possesses quite a strong societal base due to the existence of so many cultural and social associations. This shows that the local community, despite the challenges it faced throughout the years, maintained high-quality societal bonds among its members. What is missing here is giving the above organizations a chance to become more visible and thus effective in achieving their goals. 

Conclusion

In this research paper, we have engaged in the journey of exploring the concept of sustainable development through the lens of the local community by examining the case of Kallithea. In the above context, we have looked into Kallithea’s history in terms of societal composition, the consequences that certain historical events had on the latter and its location. We have reviewed its so-called “flagship project" and local social initiatives. 

The desktop research revealed a place with distinct characteristics and a rich social history, yet it is currently facing significant challenges that hamper the local community’s life.

As we have seen, Kallithea faced, over the course of the years, significant societal changes, having received two major refugee waves, which reshaped in a remarkable way its social identity and created new dynamics amongst the “pre-existing” residents and the “newcomers.” The initial social shock gave its place to the creation of a special bond among the members of the local community. The latter fact is reflected not only in its societal life but also in the culture and economy of the place. The people from Minor Asia quickly formed associations and utilized their crafting and entrepreneurship skills, notably transforming the local reality in terms of economic as well as social development. Thus, Kallithea witnessed a cultural and economic boost that advanced until the 1970s and 80s, when the balances changed again, adding to the above situation the serious economic crisis that Greece experienced in 2008. Kallithea has now become a densely populated Athenian suburb that faces a series of environmental and social challenges. 

As regards local social activity, we have seen that Kallithea has quite an extensive number of local associations which pursue social and cultural goals. The majority was founded by either the ex-refugees or their direct descendants. Several of them aim to alleviate the needs of people and vulnerable members of the local community, such as children, single mothers, and immigrants. The local authorities have also taken steps to support local enterprises as well as the less-protected members of the local community. The above elements indicate that both local authorities, as well as the community itself, acknowledge not only people’s needs but also the importance of taking steps to address them by enhancing societal bonds and social networks, supporting each other, restoring trust in the local community’s potential to respond to modern realities, and moving towards the path of sustainable development. 

From the researcher’s point of view, as a person who lived a couple of years in Kallithea and a lot more in Athens, the Kallithea community’s strong societal base is obvious, as people have the tendency to gather and support each other on any occasion, spontaneously forming social networks. This collective action inclination is the most valuable innate attribute that Kallithea has, and it is what needs to be fostered in this case. In the above context, this research suggests that further research should be conducted on how to possibly enhance and utilize the above key characteristics to guide Kallithea through the path of sustainability. 

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